Reproductive

1. Anatomy of the Man

• Understand the functions of the male reproductive system
• Be aware of the anatomy of the male reproductive system, its components and their individual roles
• Understand where the sperm is produced and its path from the testes during ejaculation
• Be aware of the venous and arterial supplies to the testes and their potential involvement in pathology
• Understand the structure of the spermatic cord

2. Anatomy of the Woman

• Understand the structure of the internal and external genitalia of the woman
• Identify the cervix, plus an overview of its pathologies and their causes
• Identify the uterus, plus an overview of its pathologies and their causes
• Be aware of and understand how to identify and calculate the axes of the female reproductive system
• Identify the fallopian tubes, plus an overview of its pathologies and their causes
• Identify all of the main ligaments of the ovaries and uterus
• Have an understanding and awareness of Female Genital Mutilation, its classifications and legality in the UK

3. The Pelvic Floor

• Understand the functions of the pelvic floor muscles
• Be aware of the muscles that make up the pelvic floor
• Be aware of the pathologies that can affect the pelvic floor and how to identify them
• Understand how trauma can affect the pelvic floor muscles

4. Development of the Reproductive System

• Understand the progression of development of the reprductive tracts and gonads
• Understand the hormonal control of these developmental mechanisms
• Be aware of the gubernaculum, its function and descent and the potential complications related to this
• Be aware of potential issues with the development of the genitalia and how these present in the newborn or adult

5. Puberty

• Understand the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics and when they develop
• Understand the age ranges at which males and females undergo puberty-related changes
• Identify the different sexual characteristics that develop in both females and males during puberty
• Be aware of the basics of hormone release and actions during puberty

6. The Menstrual Cycle and Menstrual Abnormalities

• Understand the role of the HPO axis in menstruation
• Understand and recall the cycles of menstruation
• Be aware of and understand the causes of various menstrual abnormalities
• Be aware of investigations that can be done for various menstrual abnormalities and be able apply your pathophysiology knowledge to identifying causes for these abnormalities

7. Gametogenesis

• Understand why Gaemtogenesis is required and the various stages involved in the production of a functional gamete in both males and females

• The sexual response cycle and the autonomic basis of erection, emission and ejaculation.
• Causes, investigation and principles of treatment of male and female infertility.
• Mechanism, effectiveness and contraindications of the major contraceptive methods.
• Emergency contraception options including the copper IUD as the most effective.

9. Physiology of the Mother

• Understand the Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Renal, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal, Gastrointestinal and Immune changes the mother's body undergoes during pregnancy.

10. Diseases of the Mother in Pregnancy

• Understand the pathologies that can begin during the pregnancy period, their symptoms, physiology and basic management

• The fetal circulation: ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and the streaming pattern.
• Fetal haemoglobin and the leftward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve.
• Lung development, surfactant production and the role of antenatal corticosteroids.
• Renal, GI, endocrine and immune physiology of the fetus, and the integrated transition at birth.

12. The Placenta

• Understand the process of implantation of the embryo
• Understand the stages and components of the formation of the placenta
• Understand and be aware of the issues that can arise with regards to implantation of the placenta
• Understand the endocrine links and control of the placenta
• Understand the basics of the immunology of placental immunoglobulin transfer
• Understand the concept of teratogenic substances

13. Labour and Delivery

• Be aware of the stages of labour
• Be able to describe and understand the hormonal and physiologocial changes that occur at each stafe of labour
• Understand the basics of induction of labour
• Understand the basics of management of issues within labour, including bleeding and delay

14. The Postpartum Period

• Understand the complications faced the mother immediately, in the short-term and in the long-term postpartum
• Understand the impact of mental health and the complications that can occur in the mother

15. Infections of the Reproductive Tract

• Understand the various Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), their symptoms, prevalence and basic management
• Understand the principle of Contact Tracing
• Understand the various Non-Sexually Transmitted Infections that can affect the genital tract and their symptoms and basic management
• Identify that vaginal discharge may be a symptom of disease, but also can be a normal physiological process

16. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

• Understand the pathophsyiology and causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Understand the links between sexually transmitted infections and PID
• Understand the complications of PID

17. The Menopause

• Understand that The Menopause is a natural part of reproductive life in women
• Identify the 4 stages of menopause
• Identify the symptoms associated with each stage
• Be aware of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for dealing with these symptoms
• Be aware of the pathologies associated with premature menopause

18. Malignancies of the Reproductive Tract

• Be aware of the various malignancies that can affect the reproductive organs
• Understand the basic presentation, types, markers and progression of ovarian cancer
• Understand the basic presentation, types and progression of endometrial cancer
• Understand the basic presentation, types and progression of cervical cancer
• Understand the basics of the screening program for cervical cancer in the UK and its links with the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
• Be aware of vulval cancer, its associations and basic management

19. Introduction to the Breast

• Understand the basic function of the breasts
• Understand the basic signs and symptoms of breast disease
• Understand the basics of breast imaging

20. Benign Conditions of the Breast

• Understand the different benign conditions that can affect the breast
• Be aware of how these conditions may be managed and identified

21. Malignant Conditions of the Breast

• Understand the impact of breast cancer and its prevalence on the population
• Be aware of key symptoms and signs that could indicate a potential breast cancer
• Understand the basics of the breast cancer screening programme and triple assessment programme
• Understand the different types of breast cancer
• Have a basic understanding of breast cancer treatment